Abstract
Objective
To compare cardiopulmonary variables and blood gas analytes in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) during anesthesia with and without abdominal carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation at intra-abdominal pressures (IAPs) 4 and 6 mmHg, with and without
endotracheal intubation.
Study design
Prospective experimental trial.
Animals
A total of six intact female Hartley guinea pigs.
Methods
A crossover study with sequence randomization for IAP and intubation status was used.
The animals were sedated with intramuscular midazolam (1.5 mg kg–1) and buprenorphine (0.2 mg kg–1) and anesthetized with isoflurane, and an abdominal catheter was inserted for CO2 insufflation. Animals with endotracheal intubation were mechanically ventilated and
animals maintained using a facemask breathed spontaneously. After 15 minutes of insufflation,
the following variables were obtained at each IAP: pulse rate, respiratory rate, rectal
temperature, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2 (intubated only), peak inspiratory pressure (intubated only), noninvasive blood pressure
and blood gas and electrolyte values, with a rest period of 5 minutes between consecutive
IAPs. After 4 weeks, the procedure was repeated with the guinea pigs assigned the
opposite intubation status.
Results
Intubated guinea pigs had significantly higher pH and lower partial pressure of CO2 in cranial vena cava blood (PvCO2) than nonintubated guinea pigs. An IAP of 6 mmHg resulted in a significantly higher
PvCO2 (65.9 ± 19.0 mmHg; 8.8 ± 2.5 kPa) than at 0 (53.2 ± 17.2 mmHg; 7.1 ± 2.3 kPa) and
4 mmHg (52.6 ± 10.8 mmHg; 7.01 ± 1.4 kPa), mean ± standard deviation, with intubated
and nonintubated animals combined.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
Although the oral anatomy of guinea pigs makes endotracheal intubation difficult,
capnoperitoneum during anesthesia induces marked hypercapnia in the absence of mechanical
ventilation. An IAP of 4 mmHg should be further evaluated for laparoscopic procedures
in guinea pigs because hypercapnia may be less severe than with 6 mmHg.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- 2017-2018 Edition Pet Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook.American Veterinary Medical Association, IL, USA2018https://ebusiness.avma.org/ProductCatalog/product.aspx?ID=1529Date accessed: October 15, 2021
- Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery in paediatrics.Minerva Anestesiol. 2002; 68: 406-413
- Respiratory and hemodynamic functions, blood-gas parameters, and acid-base balance of ketamine-xylazine anesthetized guinea pigs.Lab Anim Sci. 1994; 44: 648-650
- Investigation of various intramuscular volumes delivered to the semimembranosus muscle of Cavia porcellus.J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020; 59: 310-321
- The risk of death: the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2008; 35: 365-373
- Technological advances in exotic pet anesthesia and analgesia.Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2019; 22: 419-439
- The effect of laparoscopic versus open ovariectomy on postsurgical activity in small dogs.Vet Surg. 2009; 38: 811-817
- Comparison of laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and ovariohysterectomy in dogs.Vet Surg. 2004; 33: 62-69
- Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005; 227: 921-927
- Cardiopulmonary effects of using carbon dioxide for laparoscopic surgery in dogs.Vet Surg. 1996; 25: 77-82
- Respiratory acidosis.in: Engelking L.R. Textbook of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry. 2nd edn. Academic Press, USA2011: 510-515
- Assessment of postoperative pain in cats after ovariectomy by laparoscopy, median celiotomy, or flank laparotomy.Vet Surg. 2015; 44: 23-30
- Emergency and critical care of small mammals.in: Quesenberry K.E. Orcutt C.J. Mans C. Carpenter J.W. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th edn. Elsevier, USA2020: 595-608
- Monitoring anesthetized patients.in: Grimm K.A. Lamond L.A. Tranquilli W.J. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 5th edn. John Wiley & Sons, USA2015: 86-113
- Anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation of small mammals.in: Quesenberry K.E. Orcutt C.J. Mans C. Carpenter J.W. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th edn. Elsevier, USA2020: 536-558
- Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).Can J Vet Res. 2020; 84: 108-114
- Compliance, blood gases, and acid-base balance in guinea pigs artificially ventilated with different IPPV patterns.Acta Physiol Hung. 1987; 70: 297-302
- Oral endotracheal intubation of guinea pigs.Lab Anim. 1998; 32: 162-164
- A method for endotracheal intubation of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).Lab Anim Sci. 1981; 31: 715-716
- Rodent anaesthesia.in: Longley L. Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets. Saunders Ltd, UK2008: 59-84
- Effects of pneumoperitoneum induced at various pressures on cardiorespiratory function and working space during laparoscopy in cats.Am J Vet Res. 2013; 74: 1340-1346
- Effect of pH and storage conditions on measured ionised calcium concentration in dogs and cats.Vet Rec. 2020; 187: e72
- Effect of pneumoperitoneum on gastrointestinal motility, pain behaviors, and stress biomarkers in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).Am J Vet Res. 2022; 83https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.22.01.0001
- Assessment of laparoscopic working space in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) undergoing carbon dioxide insufflation at different intra-abdominal pressures.Am J Vet Res. 2022; 83https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0031
- Laparoscopic ovariectomy in guinea pigs: a pilot study.Vet Surg. 2020; 49: O131-O137
- Laparoscopic pediatric inguinal hernia repair: a pilot study in a novel guinea pig animal model.J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 2017; 27: 639-644
- Influence of pneumoperitoneum and postural change on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in dogs.J Vet Med Sci. 2015; 77: 1223-1226
- Guinea pigs.in: Quesenberry K.E. Orcutt C.J. Mans C. Carpenter J.W. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents: Clinical Medicine and Surgery. 4th edn. Elsevier, USA2020: 270-296
- Are the carotid bodies of the guinea-pig functional?.Comp Biochem Phys A Mol Integr Physiol. 2007; 146: 180-188
- Cardiopulmonary function during 5 hours of constant-dose isoflurane in laterally recumbent, spontaneously breathing horses.J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1987; 10: 290-297
- Guinea pig laparoscopic ovariectomy using two portal sites: 3-mm and 5-mm.J Anim Res Vet Sci. 2019; 3015
- The palatal ostium of the guinea pig.Lab Anim Sci. 1987; 37: 801-802
- An improved method for direct laryngeal intubation in the guineapig.Lab Anim. 1992; 26: 25-28
- pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood.Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002; 126: 947-950
- Wickman H. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, USA2016
Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 26, 2022
Accepted:
October 18,
2022
Received:
February 4,
2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.