Introduction: Modified passive leg raise maneuver (PLRM) is a successful volumetric predictor of fluid responsiveness in dogs during experimental
induction and correction of hypovolemia using invasive pulmonary artery thermodilution
(PACTD) for measuring cardiac output (CO). In this study, other CO methods, minimally-invasive
esophageal Doppler (ESD), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), arterial pressure
waveform analysis (APW), noninvasive electrical velocimetry (EV), were investigated
during PLRM in anesthetized dogs.
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