Abstract
Objectives
To determine the reliability of peripheral oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SpO2), measured by a Nonin PalmSAT 2500A pulse oximeter with 2000T transflectance probes
at four attachment sites (third eyelid, cheek, rectum and tail), by comparing these
measurements to arterial oxygen haemoglobin saturation (SaO2), measured by an AVOXimeter 4000 co-oximeter reference method in immobilized white
rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).
Study design
Randomized crossover study.
Animals
A convenience sample of eight wild-caught male white rhinoceros.
Methods
White rhinoceros were immobilized with etorphine (0.0026 ± 0.0002 mg kg–1, mean ± standard deviation) intramuscularly, after which the pinna was aseptically
prepared for arterial blood sample collection, and four pulse oximeters with transflectance
probes were fixed securely to their attachment sites (third eyelid, cheek, rectum
and tail). At 30 minutes following recumbency resulting from etorphine administration,
the animals were given either butorphanol (0.026 ± 0.0001 mg kg–1) or an equivalent volume of saline intravenously. At 60 minutes following recumbency,
insufflated oxygen (15 L minute–1 flow rate) was provided intranasally. In total, the SpO2 paired measurements from the third eyelid (n = 80), cheek (n = 67), rectum (n = 59) and tail (n = 76) were compared with near-simultaneous SaO2 measurements using Bland-Altman to assess bias (accuracy), precision, and the area
root mean squares (ARMS) method.
Results
Compared with SaO2, SpO2 measurements from the third eyelid were reliable (i.e., accurate and precise) above
an SaO2 range of 70% (bias = 1, precision = 3, ARMS = 3). However, SpO2 measurements from the cheek, rectum and tail were unreliable (i.e., inaccurate or
imprecise).
Conclusions and clinical relevance
A Nonin PalmSAT pulse oximeter with a transflectance probe inserted into the space
between the third eyelid and the sclera provided reliable SpO2 measurements when SaO2 was > 70%, in immobilized white rhinoceros.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Maximizing the laboratory setting for testing devices and understanding statistical output in pulse oximetry.Anaesth Analg. 2007; 105: S85-S94
- Agreement between methods of measurement with multiple observations per individual.J Biopharm Stat. 2007; 17: 571-582
- Respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic effects of etorphine, with and without butorphanol.in: white rhinoceros (Ceratotherum simum). PhD thesis. University of Pretoria, 2019: 89-100
- Non-invasive assessment of arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation in cattle by pulse oximetry.Vet Rec. 1999; 145: 666-669
- Absorbance spectra of inter-species hemoglobins in the visible and near infrared regions.J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 1997; 7: 36-42
- Assessment of clinical application of pulse oximetry probes in llamas and alpacas.Vet Med Sci. 2017; 3: 169-175
- Two methods to adapt the human haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation algorithm to the blood of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and to determine the accuracy of pulse oximetry.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2016; 43: 566-570
- Evaluation of the reliability of pulse oximetry, at different attachment sites, to detect hypoxaemia in immobilized impala (Aepyceros melampus).Vet Anaesth Analg. 2020; 47: 323-333
- Development and clinical evaluation of a new sensor design for buccal pulse oximetry in horses.Equine Vet J. 2018; 50: 228-234
- Odd haemoglobins in odd-toed ungulates: Impact of selected haemoglobin characteristics of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) on the monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin.PLoS One. 2019; 14e0226851
- Effective standards and regulatory tools for respiratory gas monitors and pulse oximeters: the role of the engineer and clinician.Anesth Analg. 2007; 105: S95-S99
- Agreement of SpO2, SaO2 and ScO2 in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).Vet Anaesth Analg. 2002; 29: 150-155
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: August 24, 2022
Accepted:
August 16,
2022
Received in revised form:
June 30,
2022
Received:
November 24,
2021
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
