Abstract
Objective
To establish a tonic chemical model of pain in quail and evaluate the efficacy of
opioid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Study design
A randomized, blinded, experimental study design.
Animals
A total of 120 male Japanese quail, aged 7 weeks.
Methods
A formalin solution (0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%; total volume of 40 μL) was injected subcutaneously
(SC) into the medial aspect of the right metatarsus (shank). Foot lift and preening
activities were recorded for 45 minutes following injection of formalin and scored
by an investigator blinded to the treatment. An open field test was used to evaluate
motor activity. Treatments included SC saline, SC morphine (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg kg–1) and oral ibuprofen (5 and 10 mg kg–1). The treatment effect was analyzed by one-way anova and the time course effect analyzed using repeated measures anova, both followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test (p < 0.05).
Results
All formalin concentrations induced significant foot lifting activity in the first
phase (0–5 minutes), whereas only 0.6% and 0.9% formalin elicited responses in both
the first and second (25–45 minutes) phases. Neither morphine nor ibuprofen affected
phase 1 of the formalin test. Morphine (2.5 and 5 mg kg–1) and ibuprofen (5 and 10 mg kg–1) significantly reduced foot lift responses. Preening activity was significantly decreased
following injection of 0.6% and 0.9% formalin. Preening was normalized with ibuprofen,
but not with morphine. Morphine, but not ibuprofen, reduced quail activity.
Conclusion and clinical relevance
These results suggest that the formalin test was a reliable method for assessing tonic
pain behavior in quail. The acute phase of the formalin test was not affected by morphine
or ibuprofen. Although ibuprofen reduced the pain response in phase 2, the analgesic
effects of morphine were not conclusive because morphine appeared to induce sedation.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 09, 2022
Accepted:
July 4,
2022
Received in revised form:
July 4,
2022
Received:
November 22,
2021
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
