Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the output temperature of a dry heat fluid warmer at fluid rates typically
used in small animal veterinary patients.
Study design
Prospective in vitro study.
Animals
None.
Methods
Ambient temperature lactated Ringer’s (17.9-18.8 °C) was delivered via a dry heat
fluid warmer. A temperature probe was used to measure fluid outflow temperature from
the compatible giving set at 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, 80, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mL
hour–1. Outflow fluid temperature at plateau (two consecutive readings within 0.1 °C) was
compared with baseline fluid temperature (fluid warmer turned off) to calculate temperature
changes at each rate. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare changes in temperature
and time to plateau temperature. Dunn’s post hoc test was used to test for significant differences in temperature compared to 5 mL
hour–1; p value < 0.05.
Results
Median plateau outflow temperature increased as fluid rate increased, with temperatures
of 18.5, 18.6, 18.7, 18.8, 19.4, 19.4, 21.5, 25.3, 28.5, 30.7 and 32.6 °C, at flow
rates of 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, 80, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mL hour–1. Fluid rates > 100 mL hour–1 showed significant increases from baseline (p = 0.021) There was no difference in temperature change from baseline at fluid rates
< 100 mL hour–1 (p > 0.05). Compared to plateau temperature at 5 mL hour-1, there was a statistical difference in plateau temperature above 100 mL hour–1 (p = 0.0207). Maximum outflow plateau temperature was 32.6 °C at 500 mL hour–1.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
A dry heat fluid warmer has significantly decreased efficacy at low fluid rates, with
no statistically significant increase in fluid temperature at fluid rates below 100
mL hour–1 at the end of a compatible fluid line. Inline dry heat fluid warmers are ineffective
at fluid rates below 100 mL hour–1.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 28, 2022
Accepted:
May 23,
2022
Received:
November 11,
2021
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.