Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effects of intramuscularly administered acepromazine or dexmedetomidine
on buccal mucosa microcirculation in Beagle dogs.
Study design
Experimental, blinded, crossover study.
Animals
A group of seven Beagle dogs aged 7.5 ± 1.4 years (mean ± standard deviation).
Methods
Microcirculation was assessed on buccal mucosa using sidestream dark field videomicroscopy.
After baseline measurements, 5 μg kg–1 dexmedetomidine or 30 μg kg–1 acepromazine were administered intramuscularly. After 10, 20 and 30 minutes, measurements
were repeated. At 40 minutes after premedication, anaesthesia was induced with propofol
intravenously and maintained with isoflurane. Measurements were repeated 50, 60 and
65 minutes after the injection of the investigated drugs. Analysed microcirculatory
variables were: Perfused de Backer density, Perfused de Backer density of vessels
< 20 μm, Proportion of perfused vessels and Proportion of perfused vessels < 20 μm.
Heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressures were
recorded at the same time points. Macro- and microcirculatory variables were analysed
using a linear mixed model with baseline as a covariate, treatment, trial period and
repetition as fixed effects and time and dog as random effect. Results are presented
as effect size and confidence interval; p values < 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
After acepromazine, Perfused de Backer density was greater during sedation and anaesthesia
[3.71 (1.93–5.48 mm mm–2, p < 0.0001) and 2.3 (0.86–3.75 mm mm–2, p < 0.003)], respectively, than after dexmedetomidine. HR was significantly lower,
whereas MAP and DAP were significantly higher with dexmedetomidine during sedation
and anaesthesia (p < 0.0001 for all) compared with acepromazine.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
The sedative drugs tested exerted a significant effect on buccal mucosal microcirculation
with a higher Perfused de Backer density after the administration of acepromazine
compared with dexmedetomidine. This should be considered when microcirculation is
evaluated using these drugs.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Hemodynamic and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in dog.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992; 263: 690-697
- Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 166: 98-104
- How to evaluate the microcirculation: report of a round table conference.Crit Care. 2007; 11: R101
- Monitoring the microcirculation.J Clin Monit Comput. 2012; 26: 361-366
- From macrohemodynamic to the microcirculation.Crit Care Res Pract. 2013; : 892710
- Non-invasive imaging of microcirculation: a technology review.Med Devices (Auckl). 2014; 7: 445-452
- Effects of some anesthetic agents on skin microcirculation evaluated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging in mice.BMC Vet Res. 2013; 9: 255
- Hemodynamic influence of acepromazine or dexmedetomidine premedication in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015; 246: 754-764
- The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis.Crit Care. 2005; 9: S13-S19
- Second consensus on the assessment of sublingual microcirculation in critically ill patients: results from a task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine.Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44: 281-299
- The microcirculation image quality score: development and preliminary evaluation of a proposed approach to grading quality of image acquisition for bedside videomicroscopy.J Crit Care. 2013; 28: 913-917
- A guide to human in vivo microcirculatory flow image analysis.Crit Care. 2016; 20: 35
- The impact of vatinoxan on microcirculation after intramuscular co- administration with medetomidine in Beagle dogs: a blinded crossover study.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2022; 49: 336-343
- Effects of isoflurane on vascular tone and circulatory autoregulation in the feline small intestine.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1985; 29: 389-394
- The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research.PLoS Biol. 2020; 18e3000410
- _nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models_. R package version 3.1-152.2021https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme LastDate accessed: April 19, 2022
- Effects of acetylpromazine maleate on certain cardiorespiratory responses in dogs.Am J Vet Res. 1972; 33: 1819-1824
- Hemodynamic effects of medetomidine in the dog: a dose titration study.Veterinary surgery. 1998; 27: 612-622
- Effects of a medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol combination on renal cortical, intestinal and muscle microvascular blood flow in isoflurane anaesthetized dogs: a laser Doppler study.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2000; 27: 36-44
- R: A language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020http://www.r-project.org/index.html LastDate accessed: April 19, 2022
- Measurements of microvascular perfusion in healthy anesthetized dogs using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging.J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2009; 19: 579-587
- Effectiveness of intravenous fluid resuscitation in the emergency room for treatment of hypotension in dogs: 35 cases (2000-2010).J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2012; 22: 666-673
- Microcirculatory effects of intravenous fluid administration in anesthetized dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.Am J Vet Res. 2014; 75: 809-817
- MissForest: Nonparametric Missing Value Imputation using Random Forest.R package version 1.4, 2013
- MissForest - non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data.Bioinformatics. 2012; 28: 112-118
- Early microcirculatory perfusion derangements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: relationship to hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and survival.Ann Emerg Med. 2007; 49: 98 e81-82
- Anesthesia and the microcirculation.Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009; 13: 249-258
- Differential effects of intravenous anesthetics on hepatosplanchnic microcirculation in rats: sidestream dark-field imaging study.Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2012; 51: 213-223
- Efficacy of anthelmintics: specific recommendations for canines.The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, 2001
- Response of intra-acinar pulmonary microvessels to hypoxia, hypercapnic acidosis, and isocapnic acidosis.Circ Res. 1998; 82: 722-728
Article info
Publication history
Published online: April 11, 2022
Accepted:
April 1,
2022
Received:
April 22,
2021
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
