Abstract
Objective
To describe an approach for ethmoidal nerve block (EBLOCK) and to compare the effects of a maxillary nerve block (MBLOCK), EBLOCK and their combination (M-EBLOCK) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures
and respiratory rate (fR) during nasal stimulation in dogs.
Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled study.
Animals
Beagle dogs (five cadavers, nine live dogs), with a median (interquartile range) weight
of 10.5 (10.3–11.0) kg.
Methods
The accuracy of iohexol injections (each 1 mL) at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina
in cadavers was evaluated using computed tomography. Then, anesthetized dogs were
administered four bilateral treatments separated by 1 week, saline or 2% lidocaine
1 mL per injection: injections of saline at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina (Control),
injections of lidocaine at the maxillary foramina and saline at the ethmoidal foramina
(MBLOCK), injections of saline at the maxillary foramina and lidocaine at the ethmoidal foramina
(EBLOCK) and injections of lidocaine at all foramina (M-EBLOCK). The ventral nasal meatus was bilaterally stimulated using cotton swabs, and HR,
SAP, MAP, DAP and fR were continuously recorded. Values for each variable were compared before and after
stimulation using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Changes in variables among treatments
were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p ≤ 0.05).
Results
Computed tomography revealed iohexol distribution around the openings of the target
foramina in all cadavers. In living dogs, HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and fR significantly increased after stimulation within each treatment (p < 0.03). Physiologic responses were significantly attenuated, but not absent, in
the M-EBLOCK [HR (p = 0.019), SAP, MAP, DAP and fR (all p ≤ 0.001)] compared with those in the Control.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
Concurrent injections of lidocaine at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina attenuated
HR, arterial pressure and fR responses to nasal stimulation in Beagle dogs.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: September 07, 2020
Accepted:
August 15,
2020
Received:
January 16,
2020
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
