Abstract
Objective
To determine the effects of midazolam on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC)
reduction of end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe′Iso) measured using an electrical stimulus in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus).
Study design
Randomized crossover experimental study.
Animals
A group of six adult Quaker parrots, weighing 98–124 g.
Methods
Birds were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen delivered by mask, then tracheally
intubated and mechanically ventilated. Three treatments were applied with a 4 day
interval between anesthetic events. Each anesthetized bird was administered midazolam
(1 mg kg−1; treatment MID1), midazolam (2 mg kg−1; treatment MID2) or electrolyte solution (control) intramuscularly. The treatments
were administered using a replicated Latin square design and the observers were blinded.
Based on a pilot bird, the starting Fe′Iso was 1.8%. After equilibration for 10 minutes, a supramaximal stimulus was delivered
using an electrical current (20 V and 50 Hz for 10 ms) and birds were observed for
non-reflex movement. The Fe′Iso was titrated by 0.1% until a crossover event was observed. The MAC was estimated
using logistic regression.
Results
The MAC of isoflurane (MACISO) was estimated at 2.52% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.19–2.85] with a range of
1.85–2.65%. MACISO in MID1 was 2.04% (95% CI, 1.71–2.37) and in MID2 was 1.81% (95% CI, 1.48–2.14);
reductions in MACISO from control of 19% (p = 0.001) and 28% (p < 0.001), respectively. Heart rate, temperature, sex and anesthetic time were not
different among treatments.
Conclusions
Midazolam (1–2 mg kg−1) intramuscularly resulted in a significant isoflurane-sparing effect in response
to a noxious stimulus in Quaker parrots without observable adverse effects.
Clinical relevance
Midazolam can be used as part of a balanced anesthetic approach using isoflurane in
Quaker parrots, and potentially in other psittacine species.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 04, 2020
Accepted:
January 4,
2020
Received:
August 12,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
