Abstract
Objective
To evaluate three routinely used tidal volumes (VT; 10, 12 and 15 mL kg−1) for controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) in lung-healthy anaesthetized dogs by
assessing alveolar ventilation (VTalv) and dead space (DS).
Study design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.
Animals
A total of 36 client-owned dogs.
Methods
Dogs were randomly allocated to a VT of 10 (G10), 12 (G12) or 15 (G15) mL kg−1. After induction CMV was started. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was maintained
at 4.7–5.3 kPa by changing the respiratory frequency (fR; 6<fR<30 breaths minute−1). After 29 minutes, cardiovascular and respiratory variables were recorded for 3
minutes using a multiparameter monitor, volumetric capnography (VCap) and a blood
gas analyser. The ratios of VTalv to body weight (VTalv kg−1) and airway DS to VT (VDaw/VT), Bohr's DS (VDBohr), Enghoff's DS (VDBE) and the volume of expired carbon dioxide per breath (VTCO2,br) were calculated. Mean airway pressure (MawP), fR and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were recorded. Data were analysed using one-way
anova and Student–Newman–Keuls tests with a statistical significance set at p<0.05.
Results
No differences were observed for demographic data and cardiovascular variables between
groups. A total of three dogs were excluded because of technical difficulties and
one because of fR>30. VTalv kg−1 (p=0.001) increased and VDBohr (p=0.002) decreased with greater VT. VTCO2,br (p=0.017) increased and VDaw/VT (p=0.006), VDBE (p=0.008) and fR (p=0.002) decreased between G10 and G15. PIP (p=0.013) was significantly higher in G15 compared with that in G10 and G12. No changes were observed in MawP.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
A VT of 15 mL kg−1 is most appropriate for CMV in lung-healthy dogs (as evaluated by respiratory mechanics
and VCap) and does not impair cardiovascular variables.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Partitioning of dead space–a method and reference values in the awake human.Eur Respir J. 2000; 16: 659-664
- Breathing pattern in humans: diversity and individuality.Respir Physiol. 2000; 122: 123-129
- Detection of optimal PEEP for equal distribution of tidal volume by volumetric capnography and electrical impedance tomography during decreasing levels of PEEP in post cardiac-surgery patients.Br J Anaesth. 2016; 116: 862-869
- Über die Lungenatmung.Centralblatt für Physiologie. 1887; 1 (German): 236-268
- Protective effects of low respiratory frequency in experimental ventilator-associated lung injury.Crit Care Med. 2005; 33: 835-840
- Abstracts presented at the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists Meeting, 24–26th September, 2014, Vienna, Austria.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2015; 42: A1-A40
- Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157: 294-323
- Volumen inefficax. Bemerkung zur Frage des schädlichen Raumes.Uppsala Lak Forhandl. 1938; 44 (German): 191-218
- Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses.Behav Res Methods. 2009; 41: 1149-1160
- The concept of deadspace with special reference to the single breath test for carbon dioxide.Br J Anaesth. 1981; 53: 77-88
- Lung function studies; the respiratory dead space.Am J Physiol. 1948; 154: 405-416
- Alveolar overdistension as a cause of lung injury: differences among three animal species.Sci World J. 2012; 2012: 985923
- Ventilator-induced lung injury: the anatomical and physiological framework.Crit Care Med. 2010; 38: S539-S548
- Atmung.in: Engelhardt W. Breves G. Physiologie der Haustiere. 2nd edn. Enke, Germany2004: 232 (German)
- Basics of mechanical ventilation for dogs and cats.Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2013; 43: 955-969
- Physiology, pathophysiology, and anesthetic management of patients with respiratory disease.in: Grimm K. Lamont L.A. Tranquilli W.J. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, USA2015: 541
- Physiology, pathophysiology, and anesthetic management of patients with respiratory disease.in: Grimm K. Lamont L.A. Tranquilli W.J. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. The Fifth Edition of Lumb and Jones. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, USA2015: 518
- Effect of body position on the arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing, conscious dogs in an intensive care unit.J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2009; 19: 564-570
- Comparison of two different methods for physiologic dead space measurements in ventilated dogs in a clinical setting.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2010; 37: 393-400
- The effects of body mass on lung volumes, respiratory mechanics, and gas exchange during general anesthesia.Anesth Analg. 1998; 87: 654-660
- Mean airway pressure vs. positive end-expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation.Crit Care Med. 1985; 13: 34-37
- Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volume induces inflammation in patients without lung disease.Crit Care. 2010; 14: R39
- Influence of airway pressure waveform on cardiac output during positive pressure ventilation of healthy newborn dogs.Pediatr Res. 1985; 19: 337-341
- Influence of tidal volume on alveolar recruitment. Respective role of PEEP and a recruitment maneuver.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163: 1609-1613
- Ventilator-induced lung injury: from barotrauma to biotrauma.Respir Care. 2005; 50: 646-659
- Alveolar recruiting maneuver in dogs under general anesthesia: effects on alveolar ventilation, gas exchange, and respiratory mechanics.Vet Res Commun. 2010; 34: S131-S134
- Volumetric capnography: the time has come.Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014; 20: 333-339
- Model fitting of volumetric capnograms improves calculations of airway dead space and slope of phase III.J Clin Monit Comput. 2009; 23: 197-206
- Reference values for volumetric capnography-derived non-invasive parameters in healthy individuals.J Clin Monit Comput. 2013; 27: 281-288
- Rationale of dead space measurement by volumetric capnography.Anesth Analg. 2012; 114: 866-874
- Effect of PEEP and tidal volume on ventilation distribution and end-expiratory lung volume: a prospective experimental animal and pilot clinical study.PLoS One. 2013; 8: e72675
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: June 16, 2017
Accepted:
October 17,
2016
Received:
June 10,
2016
Identification
Copyright
© 2017 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
