Abstract
Objective
To observe antinociceptive, cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of five different
12-hour lidocaine infusions in conscious dogs, and measure plasma lidocaine concentrations.
Study design
Two-part randomized, prospective, blinded, cross-over experimental study.
Animals
Six neutered male, crossbred dogs approximately 1–2 years of age and weighing 29.1
± 4.0 kg.
Methods
Dogs received lidocaine [2 mg kg−1, intravenous (IV)] or equivalent volume of 0.9% saline followed by infusion of either
lidocaine at 10 (L10), 25 (L25), 50 (L50), 75 (L75), or 100 (L100) μg kg−1 minute−1, or equivalent rate of saline (Control). The study was conducted in two parts comparing
L10, L25 and L50 to control, and then L75 and L100 to another control. Heart and respiratory
rates, and indirect arterial blood pressure were measured for 12 hours; before (baseline),
during and after infusion. Sedation was scored using descriptive categories, and nociceptive
threshold determined using electrical cutaneous stimulation. Plasma lidocaine concentrations
were measured using ELISA. Nonparametric and parametric tests for repeated measures
were used and p < 0.05.
Results
Nociceptive thresholds were not different from the saline control treatment at any
time. Respiratory rate decreased 2–12 hours in treatments L25, L75 and L100. Blood
pressure increased after 4 hours in treatment L100 compared to baseline. Sedation
scores increased compared to baseline (L10: 30 minutes–8 hours; L25: 30 minutes–2
hours, 8 hours; L50: 30 minutes, 8 hours, 12 hours; L75: 4–12 hours; L100: 15 minutes,
8–12 hours), and to Control. Treatment L75 had higher plasma lidocaine concentrations
than L10; and L100 had higher concentrations than L10 and L25. Occasional vomiting
was observed in dogs receiving lidocaine when plasma lidocaine concentrations exceeded
4 μg mL−1.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
High lidocaine infusion rates did not have antinociceptive effects compared with saline
and were associated with mild-moderate sedation and some signs of toxicity in awake
dogs.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Veterinary Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Noninvasive assessment of the facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex by repeated electrical stimulations in conscious dogs.Am J Vet Res. 2007; 68: 899-907
- Antiarrhythmic therapy.in: Tilley LP Essentials of Canine and Feline Electrocardiography. 2nd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, USA1985: 281
- Comparison of acute hemodynamic effects of lidocaine and procainamide for postoperative ventricular arrhythmias in dogs.J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2006; 42: 262-268
- Identification of lidocaine and its metabolites in post-administration equine urine by ELISA and MS/MS.J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 2000; 23: 215-222
- The analgesic effects of placing fentanyl or medetomidine in the lumbosacral epidural space of cats.Vet Surg. 1994; 23: 143-148
- Comparative systemic toxicity of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses of intravenous ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the conscious dog.Anesth Analg. 1989; 69: 794-801
- Comparative direct effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine on regional myocardial function in dogs at noncardiovascular toxic levels.Anesth Analg. 1994; 78: 1158-1163
- Lidocaine in the horse: its pharmacological effects and their relationship to analytical findings.J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 1998; 21: 462-476
- Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on conscious beagles.Tohoku J Exp Med. 1985; 145: 359-367
- Low-dose lidocaine suppresses experimentally induced hyperalgesia in humans.Anesthesiology. 1998; 89: 1345-1353
- Mechanically induced axon reflex and hyperalgesia in human UV-B are reduced by systemic lidocaine.Eur J Pain. 2004; 8: 237-244
- Perioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventative effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery.Anesth Analg. 2004; 98: 1050-1055
- Lidocaine has a narrow antiarrhythmic dose range against ventricular arrhythmias induced by programmed electrical stimulation in conscious postinfarction dogs.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 1992; 346: 213-218
- The effectiveness of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine on peripheral neuropathic pain.Acta Anaesthesiolol Scand. 2003; 47: 868-877
- Determination of the toxic dose of lidocaine in dogs and its corresponding serum concentration.Vet Rec. 2007; 160: 374-375
- Pharmacokinetics of intravenous tramadol in dogs.Can J Vet Res. 2008; 72: 325-331
- Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus.Vet Surg. 2006; 35: 60-66
- Effects of meperidine or saline on thermal, mechanical and electrical nociceptive thresholds in cats.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2008; 35: 543-547
- Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane.Am J Vet Res. 2003; 64: 1155-1160
- Serum concentrations of lidocaine and its metabolites MEGX and GX during and after prolonged intravenous infusion of lidocaine in horses after colic surgery.J Equine Vet Sci. 2007; 27: 398-404
- Effects of intravenous infusion of lidocaine on its pharmacokinetics in conscious instrumented dogs.J Pharm Sciences. 1997; 86: 944-952
- Plasma concentrations and cardiovascular influence of lidocaine infusions during isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs and dogs with subaortic stenosis.Vet Surg. 1998; 27: 486-497
- Changes in the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane and some cardiopulmonary measurements during three different infusion rates of dexmedetomidine in dogs.J Vet Anaes Analg. 2006; 33: 97-103
- Immobilization and restraint effects on pain reaction in animals.Pain. 1988; 32: 289-307
- Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine on the thermal threshold in cats.Am J Vet Res. 2006; 67: 16-20
- Analgesia and constant rate infusions.in: Silverstein DC Hopper K Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. Saunders Elselvier, St Louis, MO, USA2008: 710
- Effect on the seizure threshold in dogs of tocainide/lidocaine administration.Ann Emerg Med. 1987; 16: 749-751
- Local anesthetics.in: Tranquilli WJ Thurmon JC Grimm KA Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 4th edn. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, USA2007: 395
- Continual systemic infusion of lidocaine provides analgesia in an animal model of neuropathic pain.Pain. 2002; 97: 267-273
- Systemic lidocaine infusion as an analgesic for intraocular surgery in dogs: a pilot study.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2004; 31: 53-63
- Effect of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2004; 31: 264-271
- Computer controlled lidocaine infusion for the evaluation of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury.Pain. 1996; 66: 69-77
- Determination of lidocaine concentrations producing therapeutic and toxic effects in dogs.J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 1983; 6: 105-112
- Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolites in dogs.J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 1983; 6: 49-58
- Pharmacokinetics of combined intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine in the dog following ovariohysterectomy.J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 2004; 27: 105-109
- Effects of intravenous lidocaine, ketamine and their combination on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs.Vet Anaesth Analg. 2008; 35: 289-296
Article Info
Publication History
Accepted:
October 21,
2008
Received:
June 5,
2008
Footnotes
An abstract was presented at the American College of Veterinary Surgeons Conference in San Diego, CA, USA in October 2005.
Identification
Copyright
© 2009 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
