Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI)
of either fentanyl (FENT), lidocaine (LIDO), ketamine (KET), dexmedetomidine (DEX),
or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (LKD) in dogs.
Study design
Randomized, prospective, blinded, clinical study.
Animals
Fifty-four dogs.
Methods
Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Treatments were
intravenous (IV) administration of a bolus at start of anesthesia, followed by an
IV CRI until the end of anesthesia, then a CRI at a decreased dose for a further 4
hours: CONTROL/BUT (butorphanol 0.4 mg kg−1, infusion rate of saline 0.9% 2 mLkg−1 hour−1); FENT (5 μg kg−1, 10 μg kg−1hour−1, then 2.5 μg kg−1 hour−1); KET (1 mgkg−1, 40 μg kg−1 minute−1, then 10 μg kg−1minute−1); LIDO (2 mg kg−1, 100 μg kg−1 minute−1, then 25 μg kg−1 minute−1); DEX (1 μgkg−1, 3 μg kg−1 hour−1, then 1 μg kg−1 hour−1); or a combination of LKD at the aforementioned doses. Postoperative analgesia was
evaluated using the Glasgow composite pain scale, University of Melbourne pain scale,
and numerical rating scale. Rescue analgesia was morphine and carprofen. Data were
analyzed using Friedman or Kruskal–Wallis test with appropriate post-hoc testing (p < 0.05).
Results
Animals requiring rescue analgesia included CONTROL/BUT (n = 8), KET (n = 3), DEX (n = 2), and LIDO (n = 2); significantly higher in CONTROL/BUT than other groups. No dogs in LKD and FENT
groups received rescue analgesia. CONTROL/BUT pain scores were significantly higher
at 1 hour than FENT, DEX and LKD, but not than KET or LIDO. Fentanyl and LKD sedation
scores were higher than CONTROL/BUT at 1 hour.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
LKD and FENT resulted in adequate postoperative analgesia. LIDO, CONTROL/BUT, KET
and DEX may not be effective for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing
ovariohysterectomy.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
May 13,
2014
Received:
September 25,
2013
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
